Astronomers and astrophysicists
Islamic astronomy
* Khalid ibn Yazid (Calid)
* Jafar al-Sadiq
* Yaqūb ibn Tāriq
* Ibrahim al-Fazari
* Muhammad al-Fazari
* Naubakht
* Al-Khwarizmi, mathematician
* Ja'far ibn Muhammad Abu Ma'shar al-Balkhi (Albumasar)
* Al-Farghani
* Banū Mūsā (Ben Mousa)
o Ja'far Muhammad ibn Mūsā ibn Shākir
o Ahmad ibn Mūsā ibn Shākir
o Al-Hasan ibn Mūsā ibn Shākir
* Al-Majriti
* Muhammad ibn Jābir al-Harrānī al-Battānī (Albatenius)
* Al-Farabi (Abunaser)
* Abd Al-Rahman Al Sufi
* Abu Sa'id Gorgani
* Kushyar ibn Labban
* Abū Ja'far al-Khāzin
* Al-Mahani
* Al-Marwazi
* Al-Nayrizi
* Al-Saghani
* Al-Farghani
* Abu Nasr Mansur
* Abū Sahl al-Qūhī (Kuhi)
* Abu-Mahmud al-Khujandi
* Abū al-Wafā' al-Būzjānī
* Ibn Yunus
* Ibn al-Haytham (Alhacen)
* Abū Rayhān al-Bīrūnī
* Avicenna
* Abū Ishāq Ibrāhīm al-Zarqālī (Arzachel)
* Omar Khayyám
* Al-Khazini
* Ibn Bajjah (Avempace)
* Ibn Tufail (Abubacer)
* Nur Ed-Din Al Betrugi (Alpetragius)
* Averroes
* Al-Jazari
* Sharaf al-Dīn al-Tūsī
* Anvari
* Mo'ayyeduddin Urdi
* Nasir al-Din Tusi
* Qutb al-Din al-Shirazi
* Ibn al-Shatir
* Shams al-Dīn al-Samarqandī
* Jamshīd al-Kāshī
* Ulugh Beg, also a mathematician
* Taqi al-Din Muhammad ibn Ma'ruf, Ottoman astronomer
* Ahmad Nahavandi
* Haly Abenragel
* Abolfadl Harawi
* Kerim Kerimov, a founder of Soviet space program, a lead
architect behind first human spaceflight (Vostok 1), and the
lead architect of the first space stations (Salyut and
Mir)[1][2]
* Farouk El-Baz, a NASA scientist involved in the first Moon
landings with the Apollo program[3]
* Sultan bin Salman bin Abdulaziz Al Saud
* Muhammed Faris
* Abdul Ahad Mohmand
* Talgat Musabayev
* Anousheh Ansari
* Amir Ansari
* Sultana Nurun Nahar, specialist in atomic astrophysics and
spectroscopy
Chemists and alchemists
Further information: Alchemy (Islam)
* Khalid ibn Yazid (Calid)
* Jafar al-Sadiq
* Jābir ibn Hayyān (Geber), father of chemistry[4][5][6]
* Abbas Ibn Firnas (Armen Firman)
* Al-Kindi (Alkindus)
* Al-Majriti
* Ibn Miskawayh
* Abū Rayhān al-Bīrūnī
* Avicenna
* Al-Khazini
* Nasir al-Din Tusi
* Ibn Khaldun
* Salimuzzaman Siddiqui
* Al-Khwārizmī, Father of Al-Gabra, (Mathematics)
* Ahmed H. Zewail, Nobel Prize in Chemistry, 1999[7]
* Mostafa El-Sayed
* Atta ur Rahman, leading scholar in the field of Natural
Product Chemistry
Economists and social scientists
Further information: Islamic sociology, Early Muslim
sociology, and Islamic economics in the world
See also: List of Muslim historians and Historiography of
early Islam
* Abu Hanifa an-Nu‘man (699-767), economist
* Abu Yusuf (731-798), economist
* Al-Farabi (Alpharabius) (873–950), economist
* Al-Saghani (d. 990), one of the earliest historians of
science[8]
* Shams al-Mo'ali Abol-hasan Ghaboos ibn Wushmgir (Qabus) (d.
1012), economist
* Abū Rayhān al-Bīrūnī (973-1048), considered the "first
anthropologist"[9] and father of Indology[10]
* Ibn Sina (Avicenna) (980–1037), economist
* Ibn Miskawayh (b. 1030), economist
* Al-Ghazali (Algazel) (1058–1111), economist
* Al-Mawardi (1075–1158), economist
* Nasīr al-Dīn al-Tūsī (Tusi) (1201–1274), economist
* Ibn al-Nafis (1213–1288), sociologist
* Ibn Taymiyyah (1263–1328), economist
* Ibn Khaldun (1332–1406), forerunner of social sciences[11]
such as demography,[12] cultural history,[13]
historiography,[14] philosophy of history,[15]
sociology[12][15] and economics[16][17]
* Al-Maqrizi (1364–1442), economist
* Akhtar Hameed Khan, Pakistani social scientist; pioneer of
microcredit
* Muhammad Yunus, Nobel Prize winner Bangladeshi economist;
pioneer of microfinance
* Mahbub ul Haq, Pakistani economist; developer of Human
Development Index and founder of Human Development
Report[18][19]
Geographers and earth scientists
Further information: Muslim Agricultural Revolution
* Al-Masudi, the "Herodotus of the Arabs", and pioneer of
historical geography[20]
* Al-Kindi, pioneer of environmental science[21]
* Ibn Al-Jazzar
* Al-Tamimi
* Al-Masihi
* Ali ibn Ridwan
* Muhammad al-Idrisi, also a cartographer
* Ahmad ibn Fadlan
* Abū Rayhān al-Bīrūnī, father of geodesy,[9][12] considered
the first geologist and "first anthropologist"[9]
* Avicenna
* Abd al-Latif al-Baghdadi
* Averroes
* Ibn al-Nafis
* Ibn Battuta
* Ibn Khaldun
* Piri Reis
* Evliya Çelebi
* Zaghloul El-Naggar
Mathematicians
Further information: Islamic mathematics: Biographies
* Al-Hajjāj ibn Yūsuf ibn Matar
* Khalid ibn Yazid (Calid)
* Muhammad ibn Mūsā al-Khwārizmī (Algorismi) - father of
algebra[22] and algorithms[23]
* 'Abd al-Hamīd ibn Turk
* Abū al-Hasan ibn Alī al-Qalasādī (1412–1482), pioneer of
symbolic algebra[24]
* Abū Kāmil Shujā ibn Aslam
* Al-Abbās ibn Said al-Jawharī
* Al-Kindi (Alkindus)
* Banū Mūsā (Ben Mousa)
o Ja'far Muhammad ibn Mūsā ibn Shākir
o Al-Hasan ibn Mūsā ibn Shākir
* Al-Mahani
* Ahmed ibn Yusuf
* Al-Majriti
* Muhammad ibn Jābir al-Harrānī al-Battānī (Albatenius)
* Al-Farabi (Abunaser)
* Al-Khalili
* Al-Nayrizi
* Abū Ja'far al-Khāzin
* Brethren of Purity
* Abu'l-Hasan al-Uqlidisi
* Al-Saghani
* Abū Sahl al-Qūhī
* Abu-Mahmud al-Khujandi
* Abū al-Wafā' al-Būzjānī
* Ibn Sahl
* Al-Sijzi
* Ibn Yunus
* Abu Nasr Mansur
* Kushyar ibn Labban
* Al-Karaji
* Ibn al-Haytham (Alhacen/Alhazen)
* Abū Rayhān al-Bīrūnī
* Ibn Tahir al-Baghdadi
* Al-Nasawi
* Al-Jayyani
* Abū Ishāq Ibrāhīm al-Zarqālī (Arzachel)
* Al-Mu'taman ibn Hud
* Omar Khayyám
* Al-Khazini
* Ibn Bajjah (Avempace)
* Al-Ghazali (Algazel)
* Al-Marrakushi
* Al-Samawal
* Averroes
* Avicenna
* Hunayn ibn Ishaq
* Ibn al-Banna'
* Ibn al-Shatir
* Ja'far ibn Muhammad Abu Ma'shar al-Balkhi (Albumasar)
* Jamshīd al-Kāshī
* Kamāl al-Dīn al-Fārisī
* Muḥyi al-Dīn al-Maghribī
* Maryam Mirzakhani
* Mo'ayyeduddin Urdi
* Muhammad Baqir Yazdi
* Nasir al-Din al-Tusi, 13th century Persian mathematician and
philosopher
* Qāḍī Zāda al-Rūmī
* Qutb al-Din al-Shirazi
* Shams al-Dīn al-Samarqandī
* Sharaf al-Dīn al-Tūsī
* Taqi al-Din Muhammad ibn Ma'ruf
* Ulugh Beg
* Lotfi Asker Zadeh, Azerbaijanian computer scientist; founder
of Fuzzy Mathematics and fuzzy set theory[25][26]
* Cumrun Vafa
Biologists, neuroscientists, and psychologists
Further information: Islamic psychological thought
* Ibn Sirin (654–728), author of work on dreams and dream
interpretation[27]
* Al-Kindi (Alkindus), pioneer of psychotherapy and music
therapy[28]
* Ali ibn Sahl Rabban al-Tabari, pioneer of psychiatry,
clinical psychiatry and clinical psychology[29]
* Ahmed ibn Sahl al-Balkhi, pioneer of mental health,[30]
medical psychology, cognitive psychology, cognitive therapy,
psychophysiology and psychosomatic medicine[31]
* Najab ud-din Muhammad, pioneer of mental disorder
classification[32]
* Al-Farabi (Alpharabius), pioneer of social psychology and
consciousness studies[33]
* Ali ibn Abbas al-Majusi (Haly Abbas), pioneer of
neuroanatomy, neurobiology and neurophysiology[33]
* Abu al-Qasim al-Zahrawi (Abulcasis), pioneer of
neurosurgery[34]
* Ibn al-Haytham (Alhazen), founder of experimental
psychology, psychophysics, phenomenology and visual
perception[35]
* Abū Rayhān al-Bīrūnī, pioneer of reaction time[36]
* Avicenna (Ibn Sina), pioneer of physiological
psychology,[32] neuropsychiatry,[37] thought experiment,
self-awareness and self-consciousness[38]
* Ibn Zuhr (Avenzoar), pioneer of neurology and
neuropharmacology[34]
* Averroes, pioneer of Parkinson's disease[34]
* Ibn Tufail, pioneer of tabula rasa and nature versus
nurture[39]
* Mir Sajad,Neuroscientist and pioneer in neuroinflammation
and neurogenesis.[40][41]
Physicians and surgeons
Main article: Muslim doctors
Further information: Islamic medicine
* Khalid ibn Yazid (Calid)
* Jafar al-Sadiq
* Shapur ibn Sahl (d. 869), pioneer of pharmacy and
pharmacopoeia[42]
* Al-Kindi (Alkindus) (801-873), pioneer of pharmacology[43]
* Abbas Ibn Firnas (Armen Firman) (810-887)
* Al-Jahiz, pioneer of natural selection
* Ali ibn Sahl Rabban al-Tabari, pioneer of medical
encyclopedia[29]
* Ahmed ibn Sahl al-Balkhi
* Ishaq bin Ali al-Rahwi (854–931), pioneer of peer review and
medical peer review[44]
* Al-Farabi (Alpharabius)
* Ibn Al-Jazzar (circa 898-980)
* Abul Hasan al-Tabari - physician
* Ali ibn Sahl Rabban al-Tabari - physician
* Ali ibn Abbas al-Majusi (d. 994), pioneer of obstetrics and
perinatology[45]
* Abu Gaafar Amed ibn Ibrahim ibn abi Halid al-Gazzar (10th
century), pioneer of dental restoration[46]
* Abu al-Qasim al-Zahrawi (Abulcasis) - father of modern
surgery, and pioneer of neurosurgery,[34] craniotomy,[45]
hematology[47] and dental surgery[48]
* Ibn al-Haytham (Alhacen), pioneer of eye surgery, visual
system[49] and visual perception[50]
* Abū Rayhān al-Bīrūnī
* Avicenna (Ibn Sina) (980-1037) - father of modern
medicine,[51] founder of Unani medicine,[47] pioneer of
experimental medicine, evidence-based medicine, pharmaceutical
sciences, clinical pharmacology,[52] aromatherapy,[53]
pulsology and sphygmology,[54] and also a philosopher
* Hakim Syed Zillur Rahman, physician of Unani medicine
* Ibn Miskawayh
* Ibn Zuhr (Avenzoar) - father of experimental surgery,[55]
and pioneer of experimental anatomy, experimental physiology,
human dissection, autopsy[56] and tracheotomy[57]
* Ibn Bajjah (Avempace)
* Ibn Tufail (Abubacer)
* Averroes
* Ibn al-Baitar
* Ibn Jazla
* Nasir al-Din Tusi
* Ibn al-Nafis (1213–1288), father of circulatory physiology,
pioneer of circulatory anatomy,[58] and founder of Nafisian
anatomy, physiology,[59] pulsology and sphygmology[60]
* Ibn al-Quff (1233–1305), pioneer of embryology[45]
* Kamāl al-Dīn al-Fārisī
* Ibn Khatima (14th century), pioneer of bacteriology and
microbiology[61]
* Ibn al-Khatib (1313–1374)
* Mansur ibn Ilyas
* Saghir Akhtar - pharmacist
* Syed Ziaur Rahman, pharmacologist
* Toffy Musivand
* Muhammad B. Yunus, the "father of our modern view of
fibromyalgia"[62]
* Sheikh Muszaphar Shukor, pioneer of biomedical research in
space[63][64]
* Hulusi Behçet, known for the discovery of Behçet's disease
* Ibrahim B. Syed - radiologist
* Mehmet Öz, cardiothoracic surgeon
Physicists and engineers
Further information: Islamic physics
* Jafar al-Sadiq, 8th century
* Banū Mūsā (Ben Mousa), 9th century
o Ja'far Muhammad ibn Mūsā ibn Shākir
o Ahmad ibn Mūsā ibn Shākir
o Al-Hasan ibn Mūsā ibn Shākir
* Abbas Ibn Firnas (Armen Firman), 9th century
* Al-Saghani, 10th century
* Abū Sahl al-Qūhī (Kuhi), 10th century
* Ibn Sahl, 10th century
* Ibn Yunus, 10th century
* Al-Karaji, 10th century
* Ibn al-Haytham (Alhacen), 11th century Iraqi scientist,
father of optics,[65] pioneer of scientific method[66] and
experimental physics,[67] considered the "first scientist"[68]
* Abū Rayhān al-Bīrūnī, 11th century, pioneer of experimental
mechanics[69]
* Avicenna, 11th century
* Al-Khazini, 12th century
* Ibn Bajjah (Avempace), 12th century
* Hibat Allah Abu'l-Barakat al-Baghdaadi (Nathanel), 12th
century
* Averroes, 12th century Andalusian mathematician, philosopher
and medical expert
* Al-Jazari, 13th century civil engineer, father of
robotics,[6] father of modern engineering[70]
* Nasir al-Din Tusi, 13th century
* Qutb al-Din al-Shirazi, 13th century
* Kamāl al-Dīn al-Fārisī, 13th century
* Ibn al-Shatir, 14th century
* Taqi al-Din Muhammad ibn Ma'ruf, 16th century
* Hezarfen Ahmet Celebi, 17th century
* Lagari Hasan Çelebi, 17th century
* Sake Dean Mahomet, 18th century
* Tipu Sultan, 18th century Indian mechanician
* Fazlur Khan, 20th century Bangladeshi mechanician
* Mahmoud Hessaby, 20th century Iranian physicist
* Ali Javan, 20th century Iranian physicist
* Bacharuddin Jusuf Habibie, 20th century Indonesian aerospace
engineer and president
* Abdul Kalam, Indian aeronautical engineer and nuclear
scientist
* Abdus Salam, Pakistani theoretical physicist and Nobel Prize
winner(1979)
* Mehran Kardar, Iranian theoretical physicist
* Cumrun Vafa, Iranian mathematical physicist
* Nima Arkani-Hamed, American-born Iranian physicist
* Abdel Nasser Tawfik, Egyptian-born German particle physicist
* Munir Nayfeh Palestinian-American particle physicist
* Riazuddin, Pakistani theoretical physicist
* Abdul Qadeer Khan, Pakistani nuclear scientist
* Ali Musharafa, Egyptian nuclear physicist
* Sameera Moussa, Egyptian nuclear physicist
* Munir Ahmad Khan, Father of Pakistan's nuclear program
Political scientists
* Syed Qutb
* Abul Ala Maududi
* Hasan al-Turabi
* Hassan al-Banna
* Mohamed Hassanein Heikal
Other scientists and inventors
* Azizul Haque
* Mohammad Sharif Chattar
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